Electrum sabercrafts8/23/2023 High diastolic WBV also predicted poor survival in patients with low alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and proteins induced by vitamin K antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) levels. Patients with high diastolic WBV had poor survival, and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed high diastolic WBV was an independent risk factor for poor survival with the Child-Pugh B7 and PVTT. Notably, patients who developed extrahepatic metastases during the observation period among patients without metastases at diagnosis had higher diastolic WBV initially. Multivariate logistic regression showed that high diastolic WBV > 16 cP was an independent factor associated with metastases. Systolic WBV and diastolic WBV were significantly increased in patients with metastases compared with patients without metastases. Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), tumor size, number of tumors, and systolic/diastolic WBV were factors associated with extrahepatic metastases. Extrahepatic metastases were observed in 15 treatment-naïve patients (11.3%) at diagnosis. Systolic and diastolic WBV was measured using an automated scanning capillary tube viscometer at diagnosis or before the nivolumab treatment. This pilot study included a discovery cohort of 148 treatment-naïve HCC patients with preserved liver function, and a validation cohort of 33 treatment-experienced HCC patients with nivolumab. However, relevance of WBV in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Whole blood viscosity (WBV) is increased in cancer patients and associated with the advanced stage with systemic metastases.
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